Spotgeschäft-Top100 - KW 14 (4.4-4.8)
Nach Preisüberwachung von Sun Sirs gehe im KW 14(4.4-4.8)insgesamt 78 Rohstoffe auf der Spotgeschäft-Top100 nach oben, und 97 nach unten, 62 ohne Veränderung. Rohstoffpreise nach oben:Natronlauge (9.04%),Alkali-Punkte (5.51%),Palm (4.57%);Rohstoffpreise nach unten:DMF (-8.76%),Erd (-7.02%),glycine (-6.83%).
Rohstoffsname | Branche | 04-04 | 04-08 | ↓↑ |
Natronlauge | Chemieindustrie | 1,128.00 | 1,230.00 | 9.04% |
Alkali-Punkte | Chemieindustrie | 3,933.33 | 4,150.00 | 5.51% |
Palm | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 12,178.00 | 12,734.00 | 4.57% |
Kurzfasern | Textilienindustrie | 13,440.00 | 14,040.00 | 4.46% |
Salpeters | Chemieindustrie | 2,316.67 | 2,416.67 | 4.32% |
Sojabohnen | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 10,480.00 | 10,930.00 | 4.29% |
Ferrosilizium (Ferrolegierung | Stahlindustrie | 9,450.00 | 9,850.00 | 4.23% |
Natriumpyrosulfit | Chemieindustrie | 2,700.00 | 2,800.00 | 3.70% |
Petrolkoks | Energieindustrie | 4,925.50 | 5,107.50 | 3.70% |
Propylen | Chemieindustrie | 8,230.80 | 8,494.60 | 3.21% |
Isobutyraldehyd | Chemieindustrie | 13,566.67 | 14,000.00 | 3.19% |
Ei | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 8.79 | 9.07 | 3.19% |
Phosphate rock | Chemieindustrie | 740.00 | 763.33 | 3.15% |
Schwefel | Chemieindustrie | 3,343.33 | 3,426.67 | 2.49% |
Hydrogenated benzene | Chemieindustrie | 8,400.00 | 8,600.00 | 2.38% |
Formsäure | Chemieindustrie | 7,100.00 | 7,266.67 | 2.35% |
Nahtloses Rohr | Stahlindustrie | 6,140.00 | 6,282.50 | 2.32% |
Forsythia | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 123.00 | 125.75 | 2.24% |
Ammonium chloride | Chemieindustrie | 1,395.00 | 1,425.00 | 2.15% |
Ammoniumphosphat | Chemieindustrie | 3,550.00 | 3,625.00 | 2.11% |
BUTADIEN | Chemieindustrie | 10,722.50 | 10,930.00 | 1.94% |
R22 | Chemieindustrie | 17,333.33 | 17,666.67 | 1.92% |
Papierabfall | Baustoffindustrie | 2,400.00 | 2,446.00 | 1.92% |
Propan | Chemieindustrie | 6,735.75 | 6,858.25 | 1.82% |
Holzschliff | Baustoffindustrie | 6,800.00 | 6,920.00 | 1.76% |
Wellpappe | Baustoffindustrie | 3,736.00 | 3,796.00 | 1.61% |
Eva | Gummiindustrie | 21,233.33 | 21,566.67 | 1.57% |
vitamin A | Chemieindustrie | 230.50 | 234.00 | 1.52% |
PTA | Textilienindustrie | 6,058.18 | 6,149.09 | 1.50% |
Butadien-Kautschuk | Gummiindustrie | 14,320.00 | 14,530.00 | 1.47% |
Schwefels | Chemieindustrie | 1,141.67 | 1,158.33 | 1.46% |
Styren | Chemieindustrie | 9,275.00 | 9,400.00 | 1.35% |
Kaliumchlorid | Chemieindustrie | 5,066.67 | 5,133.33 | 1.32% |
Verzinktes Blech | Stahlindustrie | 6,106.67 | 6,173.33 | 1.09% |
Kohlenstoffschwarz | Chemieindustrie | 9,775.00 | 9,875.00 | 1.02% |
Dimethylether | Energieindustrie | 4,170.00 | 4,210.00 | 0.96% |
MIBK | Chemieindustrie | 13,966.67 | 14,100.00 | 0.95% |
Raps | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 13,582.00 | 13,698.00 | 0.85% |
Abfallstahl | Stahlindustrie | 3,527.31 | 3,557.25 | 0.85% |
LDPE | Gummiindustrie | 11,850.00 | 11,950.00 | 0.84% |
Epoxypropan | Chemieindustrie | 11,933.33 | 12,033.33 | 0.84% |
PET | Gummiindustrie | 8,410.00 | 8,480.00 | 0.83% |
Glas | Baustoffindustrie | 24.14 | 24.34 | 0.83% |
Raps | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 6,416.00 | 6,468.00 | 0.81% |
Ethylacetat | Chemieindustrie | 8,616.67 | 8,683.33 | 0.77% |
Caprolactam ist | Chemieindustrie | 13,033.33 | 13,133.33 | 0.77% |
Ophiopogon japonicus | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 66.00 | 66.50 | 0.76% |
Grobes Benzol | Chemieindustrie | 6,751.00 | 6,801.00 | 0.74% |
Low alloy plate | Stahlindustrie | 5,358.00 | 5,396.00 | 0.71% |
Silizium DMC | Chemieindustrie | 26,900.00 | 27,080.00 | 0.67% |
PP | Gummiindustrie | 10,283.33 | 10,350.00 | 0.65% |
Aktivkohle | Chemieindustrie | 10,433.33 | 10,500.00 | 0.64% |
Mittlere dicke Platte | Stahlindustrie | 5,152.00 | 5,184.00 | 0.62% |
Sojabohnenmehl | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 4,544.00 | 4,572.00 | 0.62% |
Rapsschrot | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 3,960.00 | 3,984.00 | 0.61% |
Chlorinated Paraffin | Chemieindustrie | 6,700.00 | 6,737.50 | 0.56% |
Diesel | Energieindustrie | 8,173.20 | 8,213.00 | 0.49% |
Natriumcarbonat | Chemieindustrie | 2,600.00 | 2,612.50 | 0.48% |
Reines Benzol | Chemieindustrie | 8,540.00 | 8,580.00 | 0.47% |
Ammoniumnitrat | Chemieindustrie | 4,380.00 | 4,400.00 | 0.46% |
Butanone | Chemieindustrie | 14,966.67 | 15,033.33 | 0.45% |
Edelstahlplatte | Stahlindustrie | 18,748.33 | 18,831.67 | 0.44% |
Der Stahl | Stahlindustrie | 4,860.00 | 4,880.00 | 0.41% |
Weisser Kohlenstoff | Chemieindustrie | 6,325.00 | 6,350.00 | 0.40% |
Flüssiges Ammoniak | Chemieindustrie | 4,936.67 | 4,953.33 | 0.34% |
Polykristallines Silizium | Chemieindustrie | 200,333.33 | 201,000.00 | 0.33% |
Zink(Barren) | Buntmetallindustrie | 26,876.00 | 26,964.00 | 0.33% |
Zucker | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 5,794.00 | 5,810.00 | 0.28% |
Mais | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 2,765.71 | 2,772.86 | 0.26% |
Polyesterfaser POY | Textilienindustrie | 7,855.56 | 7,872.22 | 0.21% |
Nitrile Gummi | Gummiindustrie | 24,375.00 | 24,425.00 | 0.21% |
Propanol | Chemieindustrie | 8,383.33 | 8,400.00 | 0.20% |
Kupfer | Buntmetallindustrie | 73,670.00 | 73,796.67 | 0.17% |
Polyesterfaser FDY | Textilienindustrie | 8,505.71 | 8,520.00 | 0.17% |
Lebendes Schwein | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 12.30 | 12.32 | 0.16% |
DOTP | Chemieindustrie | 12,325.00 | 12,337.50 | 0.10% |
Styren-Butadien-Kautschuk | Gummiindustrie | 12,770.00 | 12,775.00 | 0.04% |
Au | Stahlindustrie | 5,062.22 | 5,063.33 | 0.02% |
Edelstahlplatte | Stahlindustrie | 20,973.33 | 20,973.33 | 0.00% |
Sojabohne | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 6,048.00 | 6,048.00 | 0.00% |
Magnesium | Buntmetallindustrie | 40,666.67 | 40,666.67 | 0.00% |
Antimony | Buntmetallindustrie | 83,750.00 | 83,750.00 | 0.00% |
Titandioxid | Chemieindustrie | 21,100.00 | 21,100.00 | 0.00% |
Borsäure (Import) | Chemieindustrie | 8,450.00 | 8,450.00 | 0.00% |
Koks | Energieindustrie | 3,338.00 | 3,338.00 | 0.00% |
Fluorit | Chemieindustrie | 2,547.22 | 2,547.22 | 0.00% |
Channel steel | Stahlindustrie | 5,013.33 | 5,013.33 | 0.00% |
Angle steel | Stahlindustrie | 4,843.33 | 4,843.33 | 0.00% |
Ethylenoxid | Chemieindustrie | 8,200.00 | 8,200.00 | 0.00% |
Akrylonitrile | Textilienindustrie | 11,800.00 | 11,800.00 | 0.00% |
P-Xylol | Chemieindustrie | 9,300.00 | 9,300.00 | 0.00% |
Baumwollgarn | Textilienindustrie | 29,533.33 | 29,533.33 | 0.00% |
Baumwollgarn | Textilienindustrie | 30,566.67 | 30,566.67 | 0.00% |
Polyestergarn | Textilienindustrie | 14,475.00 | 14,475.00 | 0.00% |
Brenn | Energieindustrie | 6,390.00 | 6,390.00 | 0.00% |
Diammoniumphosphat | Chemieindustrie | 3,640.00 | 3,640.00 | 0.00% |
Natriumbicarbonat | Chemieindustrie | 2,520.00 | 2,520.00 | 0.00% |
Phosphors | Chemieindustrie | 10,460.00 | 10,460.00 | 0.00% |
Gesponnenes Baumwollgarn | Textilienindustrie | 18,266.67 | 18,266.67 | 0.00% |
Kesselkohle | Energieindustrie | 900.00 | 900.00 | 0.00% |
Salzs | Chemieindustrie | 345.00 | 345.00 | 0.00% |
Flusss | Chemieindustrie | 11,500.00 | 11,500.00 | 0.00% |
Phenylamine | Chemieindustrie | 12,700.00 | 12,700.00 | 0.00% |
HDPE | Gummiindustrie | 9,916.67 | 9,916.67 | 0.00% |
I-Stahl | Stahlindustrie | 5,103.33 | 5,103.33 | 0.00% |
Kaltgewalztes Blech | Stahlindustrie | 5,660.00 | 5,660.00 | 0.00% |
Farbbeschichtetes Trapezblech | Stahlindustrie | 8,233.33 | 8,233.33 | 0.00% |
Kokskohle | Energieindustrie | 2,955.00 | 2,955.00 | 0.00% |
Oktylalkohol | Chemieindustrie | 12,833.33 | 12,833.33 | 0.00% |
Praseodym-Metall | Buntmetallindustrie | 1,220,000.00 | 1,220,000.00 | 0.00% |
Dysprosium -Metall | Buntmetallindustrie | 3,665,000.00 | 3,665,000.00 | 0.00% |
Praseodym- Neodymlegierung | Buntmetallindustrie | 1,120,000.00 | 1,120,000.00 | 0.00% |
Diethylglykol | Chemieindustrie | 5,025.00 | 5,025.00 | 0.00% |
Trichlormethan | Chemieindustrie | 5,925.00 | 5,925.00 | 0.00% |
Brom | Chemieindustrie | 55,600.00 | 55,600.00 | 0.00% |
Polyester cotton yarn | Textilienindustrie | 21,380.00 | 21,380.00 | 0.00% |
Lithiumcarbonat | Chemieindustrie | 481,400.00 | 481,400.00 | 0.00% |
POM | Gummiindustrie | 22,000.00 | 22,000.00 | 0.00% |
PMMA | Gummiindustrie | 16,750.00 | 16,750.00 | 0.00% |
Dichlormethan | Chemieindustrie | 4,487.50 | 4,487.50 | 0.00% |
vitamin E | Chemieindustrie | 92.33 | 92.33 | 0.00% |
Lithiumhydroxid (Batterie) | Chemieindustrie | 478,666.66 | 478,666.66 | 0.00% |
Eisenlithiumphosphat | Chemieindustrie | 160,000.00 | 160,000.00 | 0.00% |
Salicylic acid | Chemieindustrie | 17,000.00 | 17,000.00 | 0.00% |
Potassium carbonate | Chemieindustrie | 9,066.67 | 9,066.67 | 0.00% |
Kaliumsulfat | Chemieindustrie | 5,066.67 | 5,066.67 | 0.00% |
Codonopsis pilosula | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 47.80 | 47.80 | 0.00% |
Flos Lonicerae | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 142.50 | 142.50 | 0.00% |
H-beam | Stahlindustrie | 5,103.33 | 5,103.33 | 0.00% |
vitamin C | Chemieindustrie | 40.67 | 40.67 | 0.00% |
Angelica | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 42.40 | 42.40 | 0.00% |
Kaliumnitrat | Chemieindustrie | 7,050.00 | 7,050.00 | 0.00% |
Gummiindustrie | 12,533.33 | 12,533.33 | 0.00% | |
Sanchi | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 114.50 | 114.50 | 0.00% |
Astragalus | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 16.00 | 16.00 | 0.00% |
Dimetylkarbonat | Chemieindustrie | 5,566.67 | 5,566.67 | 0.00% |
DDGS | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 2,833.33 | 2,833.33 | 0.00% |
Polymer Aluminiumchlorid | Chemieindustrie | 2,330.00 | 2,330.00 | 0.00% |
Weißes Papier | Baustoffindustrie | 6,740.00 | 6,740.00 | 0.00% |
Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer | Chemieindustrie | 9,525.00 | 9,525.00 | 0.00% |
Polyesterfaser DTY | Textilienindustrie | 9,492.73 | 9,483.64 | -0.10% |
Polyesterspinnfaser | Textilienindustrie | 7,922.00 | 7,912.00 | -0.13% |
Warmgewalztes Band | Stahlindustrie | 5,252.00 | 5,244.00 | -0.15% |
Gold | Buntmetallindustrie | 394.96 | 394.32 | -0.16% |
MTBE | Energieindustrie | 7,387.50 | 7,375.00 | -0.17% |
Ethylalkohol | Chemieindustrie | 7,300.00 | 7,287.50 | -0.17% |
Maisstärke | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 3,398.00 | 3,392.00 | -0.18% |
Ammoniumsulfat | Chemieindustrie | 1,866.67 | 1,863.33 | -0.18% |
Bitumen | Energieindustrie | 3,969.20 | 3,961.20 | -0.20% |
PVC | Gummiindustrie | 9,040.00 | 9,020.00 | -0.22% |
PC | Gummiindustrie | 22,666.67 | 22,600.00 | -0.29% |
PP | Gummiindustrie | 8,966.67 | 8,933.33 | -0.37% |
Neopentyl glycol | Chemieindustrie | 17,733.33 | 17,666.67 | -0.38% |
Bisphenol A | Chemieindustrie | 16,537.50 | 16,475.00 | -0.38% |
Die Wire | Stahlindustrie | 5,216.00 | 5,196.00 | -0.38% |
Entk | Textilienindustrie | 22,873.50 | 22,785.17 | -0.39% |
TDI | Chemieindustrie | 19,325.00 | 19,250.00 | -0.39% |
DOP | Chemieindustrie | 12,300.00 | 12,250.00 | -0.41% |
Eisenerz | Stahlindustrie | 1,026.22 | 1,022.00 | -0.41% |
PA6 | Gummiindustrie | 15,766.67 | 15,700.00 | -0.42% |
Isopropanol | Chemieindustrie | 7,400.00 | 7,366.67 | -0.45% |
Blei (Barren) | Buntmetallindustrie | 15,495.00 | 15,415.00 | -0.52% |
Epoxid-Chlorpropan | Chemieindustrie | 18,966.67 | 18,866.67 | -0.53% |
LLDPE | Gummiindustrie | 9,280.00 | 9,230.00 | -0.54% |
Paraformaldehyd | Chemieindustrie | 5,766.67 | 5,733.33 | -0.58% |
Titanium concentrate | Buntmetallindustrie | 2,390.00 | 2,375.00 | -0.63% |
ABS | Gummiindustrie | 15,050.00 | 14,950.00 | -0.66% |
R134a | Chemieindustrie | 25,000.00 | 24,833.33 | -0.67% |
Gelber Phosphor | Chemieindustrie | 36,750.00 | 36,500.00 | -0.68% |
EPS | Gummiindustrie | 11,025.00 | 10,950.00 | -0.68% |
Ethylene | Chemieindustrie | 1,598.25 | 1,587.25 | -0.69% |
Fl | Energieindustrie | 6,370.00 | 6,326.00 | -0.69% |
Austrocknen | Textilienindustrie | 143,000.00 | 142,000.00 | -0.70% |
Dysprosiumoxid | Buntmetallindustrie | 2,600,000.00 | 2,580,000.00 | -0.77% |
Dy-Fe -Legierung | Buntmetallindustrie | 2,590,000.00 | 2,570,000.00 | -0.77% |
Harnstoff | Chemieindustrie | 2,953.00 | 2,930.00 | -0.78% |
Benzin | Energieindustrie | 8,696.80 | 8,628.80 | -0.78% |
Holzschliff | Baustoffindustrie | 6,100.00 | 6,050.00 | -0.82% |
Silber | Buntmetallindustrie | 5,005.33 | 4,963.00 | -0.85% |
Naphtha Öl | Energieindustrie | 8,393.25 | 8,320.75 | -0.86% |
Polyacrylamide | Chemieindustrie | 16,128.57 | 15,985.71 | -0.89% |
醋酐 | Chemieindustrie | 8,275.00 | 8,200.00 | -0.91% |
PS | Gummiindustrie | 10,716.67 | 10,616.67 | -0.93% |
Essigs | Chemieindustrie | 5,260.00 | 5,210.00 | -0.95% |
Kryolith | Chemieindustrie | 7,550.00 | 7,475.00 | -0.99% |
Neodymoxid | Buntmetallindustrie | 965,000.00 | 955,000.00 | -1.04% |
Praseodym- Neodymoxid | Buntmetallindustrie | 905,000.00 | 895,000.00 | -1.10% |
PP | Gummiindustrie | 8,980.00 | 8,880.00 | -1.11% |
Glykol | Chemieindustrie | 5,175.00 | 5,116.67 | -1.13% |
Epoxy-Harz | Chemieindustrie | 25,875.00 | 25,575.00 | -1.16% |
Kobalt | Buntmetallindustrie | 556,900.00 | 550,100.00 | -1.22% |
Phenol | Chemieindustrie | 10,720.00 | 10,580.00 | -1.31% |
Maleinanhydrid | Chemieindustrie | 12,333.33 | 12,166.67 | -1.35% |
Formaldehyd | Chemieindustrie | 1,447.50 | 1,427.50 | -1.38% |
Methylalkohol | Energieindustrie | 3,065.00 | 3,022.50 | -1.39% |
Melamin | Chemieindustrie | 11,933.33 | 11,766.67 | -1.40% |
Nickel(Barren) | Buntmetallindustrie | 224,283.33 | 221,150.00 | -1.40% |
Elasthan | Textilienindustrie | 56,300.00 | 55,500.00 | -1.42% |
Butylacetat | Chemieindustrie | 10,350.00 | 10,200.00 | -1.45% |
Cyclohexanon | Chemieindustrie | 11,400.00 | 11,233.33 | -1.46% |
1,4 - Butanediol | Chemieindustrie | 27,140.00 | 26,740.00 | -1.47% |
Siliziummetall (industrielles | Buntmetallindustrie | 21,770.00 | 21,430.00 | -1.56% |
Nylon FDY | Textilienindustrie | 20,725.00 | 20,400.00 | -1.57% |
Rohseide | Textilienindustrie | 435,000.00 | 428,125.00 | -1.58% |
PA66 | Gummiindustrie | 30,000.00 | 29,500.00 | -1.67% |
DBP | Chemieindustrie | 10,716.67 | 10,533.33 | -1.71% |
Naturkautschuk | Gummiindustrie | 13,110.00 | 12,880.00 | -1.75% |
Silicomangan | Stahlindustrie | 8,550.00 | 8,400.00 | -1.75% |
MDI | Chemieindustrie | 19,560.00 | 19,200.00 | -1.84% |
Das DTY | Textilienindustrie | 19,880.00 | 19,500.00 | -1.91% |
Methylbenzol | Chemieindustrie | 7,580.00 | 7,430.00 | -1.98% |
Butylalkohol | Chemieindustrie | 9,566.67 | 9,366.67 | -2.09% |
Praseodymoxid | Buntmetallindustrie | 945,000.00 | 925,000.00 | -2.12% |
Erdgas | Energieindustrie | 7,374.00 | 7,216.00 | -2.14% |
Zinn (Barren) | Buntmetallindustrie | 349,130.00 | 341,430.00 | -2.21% |
Aluminiumfluorid | Chemieindustrie | 11,000.00 | 10,750.00 | -2.27% |
Propylenglykol | Chemieindustrie | 13,833.33 | 13,500.00 | -2.41% |
Das Poy | Textilienindustrie | 17,425.00 | 16,975.00 | -2.58% |
Steinkohlenteer | Chemieindustrie | 5,190.00 | 5,053.33 | -2.63% |
Adipinsäure | Chemieindustrie | 12,760.00 | 12,420.00 | -2.66% |
Phthals | Chemieindustrie | 8,737.50 | 8,500.00 | -2.72% |
Zement | Baustoffindustrie | 532.50 | 516.00 | -3.10% |
Dimethylbenzol | Chemieindustrie | 7,720.00 | 7,480.00 | -3.11% |
Neodym -Metall | Buntmetallindustrie | 1,210,000.00 | 1,170,000.00 | -3.31% |
Aluminium(Aluminiumblock) | Buntmetallindustrie | 22,740.00 | 21,960.00 | -3.43% |
Elektrolytmagnesium | Buntmetallindustrie | 18,900.00 | 18,250.00 | -3.44% |
Wolfberry | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 47.50 | 45.75 | -3.68% |
Aceton | Chemieindustrie | 5,860.00 | 5,620.00 | -4.10% |
OX | Chemieindustrie | 9,000.00 | 8,600.00 | -4.44% |
Acryls | Chemieindustrie | 14,666.67 | 14,000.00 | -4.55% |
Kalziumkarbid | Chemieindustrie | 4,433.33 | 4,216.67 | -4.89% |
Weizen | Agrar- und Nebenerwerbsindustr | 3,180.00 | 3,024.00 | -4.91% |
Wasserdioxid | Chemieindustrie | 906.67 | 850.00 | -6.25% |
Erd | Energieindustrie | 107.53 | 100.58 | -6.46% |
glycine | Chemieindustrie | 26,833.33 | 25,000.00 | -6.83% |
Erd | Energieindustrie | 103.28 | 96.03 | -7.02% |
DMF | Chemieindustrie | 14,550.00 | 13,275.00 | -8.76% |
Spotgeschäft-Top100 ist von SunSirs exklusiv veröffentlichte Spotpreisliste der Rohstoffe, die Preisschwenkungen in Tages-, Wochensund Monatsrhythmus widerspiegelt. Durch die Verfolgung und Überwachung von Spotpreisen über 100 Rohstoffen analysiert und sagt Sun Sirs den Trend der Preisentwicklung vorher.
- Rangliste des Spotgeschäfts - KW 13 (3.28-4.1)
- Rangliste des Spotgeschäfts - KW 12 (3.21-3.25)
- Rangliste des Spotgeschäfts - KW 11 (3.14-3.18)
- Rangliste des Spotgeschäfts - KW 10 (3.7-3.11)
- Rangliste des Spotgeschäfts - KW 9 (2.28-3.4)
- Rangliste des Spotgeschäfts - KW 8 (2.21-2.25)
- Rangliste des Spotgeschäfts - KW 7 (2.14-2.18)